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| 417414 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | 2006 IPCC default | Default emission factor for indirect N2O emissions from N volatilisation and re-deposition (EF4) | | | | | | 0.01 (0.002 - 0.05) | kg N2O–N/[kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised] | 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4, Table 11.3 - Default emission, volatilisation and leaching factors for indirect soil N2O emissions, on page 11.24 | |
| 417415 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | 2006 IPCC default | Default emission factor for indirect N2O emissions from leaching/runoff (EF5) | | | | | | 0.0075 (0.0005 - 0.025) | Kg N2O-N/kg N leaching/runoff | 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4, Table 11.3 - Default emission, volatilisation and leaching factors for indirect soil N2O emissions, on page 11.24 | |
| 417416 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | 2006 IPCC default | Default emission factor for indirect N2O emissions from volatilisation of synthetic fertiliser (FracGASF) | | | | | | 0.10 (0.03 - 0.3) | [kg NH3–N + NOx–N]/[kg N applied] | 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4, Table 11.3 - Default emission, volatilisation and leaching factors for indirect soil N2O emissions, on page 11.24 | |
| 417417 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | 2006 IPCC default | Default emission factor for indirect N2O emissions from volatilisation of all organic N fertilisers applied , and dung and urine deposited by grazing animals (FracGASM) | | | | | | 0.20 (0.05 - 0.5) | [kg NH3–N + NOx–N]/[kg N applied or deposited] | 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4, Table 11.3 - Default emission, volatilisation and leaching factors for indirect soil N2O emissions, on page 11.24 | |
| 417418 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | 2006 IPCC default | Default emission factor for indirect N2O emissions from N losses by leaching/runoff for regions where S(rain in rainy season) - S(PE in same period) > soil water holding capacity, OR where irrigation (except drip irrigation) is employed (FracLEACH-(H)) | | | | | | 0.30 (0.1 - 0.8) | kg N/[kg N additions or deposition by grazing animals] | 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4, Table 11.3 - Default emission, volatilisation and leaching factors for indirect soil N2O emissions, on page 11.24 | |
| 421476 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | Fraction of all N added to soils as animal excreta or fertilizer lost through leaching or runoff (FracLEACH) | The OVERSEER nutrient budget model is an empirical, annual time-step model (Ledgard et al. 1999b; Wheeler et al. 2003). It provides average estimates of nutrient loss N, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in kg ha 1 yr 1, ignoring yearto- year variability due to climate (Thomas et al., 2005). | In New Zealand, arable cropping and intensive vegetable farms occupy only a small proportion of land compared to pastoral farming. | New Zealand | | | 0.07 | Kg N2O-N/kg N leaching/runoff | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 422688 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Other (e.g. compiled) | An "mitigation-efficacy factor" FM (in the range 0 to 1) which multiplies FracGASF as reported in 2006 GL Section 11.2.2; this multiplier, unreported in IPCC literature, accounts for the effectiveness of urease inhibitor as a mitigation technology that reduces NH3 volatilisation from applied urea fertiliser at the applicaion rate described below. (This assumes that NOx volatilisation is either negligible or effected in the same proportion as NH3 volatilisation). Thus, FM is 1 in the absence of a mitigation technology, and as small as zero otherwise. | Application of urease inhibitor (nBTPT: N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) to reduce NH3 volatilisation following fertilisation of pastureland with urea. Urea application is in the range 50-150 kg(N)/ha | Statistical meta-analysis of several trials spanning New Zealand`s temperate grazed grasslands | New Zealand, temperate climate, various soils | Optimal co-application of nBTPT with urea is 0.025% w/w (nBTPT per unit N) | | 0.55 | dimensionless | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423519 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Measured | Emission Factor for Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils | N2O concentrations in groundwater were monitored temporally over 2 years in piezometers and spatially with two "snap-shot" sampling campaigns at two contrasted occasions, high and low water tables | The study site chosen for the piezometer temporal monitoring of groundwater quality is northwestward falling slope reaching the Avaneless River with an average inclination of 2.2%. Most of the Orgeval catchment surface is covered with quaternary loess deposit (up to 10 m thick). Underneath the loess layer, two tertiary aquifier formations separated by the discontinuous grey clay and loamy gypsum layer interact with the streams. Most of the basin`s area is artificially drained (about 90% of the usable agricultural area, 1 m deep, 10-m spacing) and dominated by agricultural land (82%); the remaining surface is covered in forest (17%) and urban zoned or roads (1% of the surface). Agriculture is dominated by grain crop rotation. Within the catchment, groundwater level found ranged from 0.2 to 9.1 below the soil surface. | Orgeval catchment (Seine basin, France), about 70 km east of Paris, 104 km2 drained by the third-order Orgeval stream. The climate is semi-oceanic; the mean annual precipitation is 673 mm, and the mean ambient temperature is 4°C in winter and 19°C - in summer. | | Default EF5 from 2006 IPCC Guidelines (0.0075 kg N2O-N kg N leached) incorporates three components: EF5g, EF5r and EF5e (groundwater and surface drainage, rivers and estuaries, repsectively). In present study, EF5g component is considered. | 0.0026 | Kg N2O-N/kg N leaching/runoff | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423939 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Measured | Weighted NH₃ volatilization from urine and dung N deposited by grazing cattle. | Urine and dung were collected fresh from crossbred dairy (Nelore/Friesian) cows during milking at dawn on the day the experiment was set up. The animals were kept in the pasture but supplemented with soybean and corn meal | The study was carried out on a grass pasture site of the Embrapa Rice and Bean Centre experimental station (16°28′ S–49°17′W, 823 m a.s.l.) located in the Municipality of Santo Antonio de Goiás, State of Goiás. Approximately two decades before this study a Brachiariabrizantha cv Marandu pasture was established on a clay loamsoil (Ferralsol—FAO classification, Oxisol—US Soil Taxonomy) with a texture of 43% clay and 44% sand in the top 20 cm | The climate is Aw, tropical savannah, megathermic, according to the Köppen’s classification (Köppen, 1936). A characteristic of this region is that rainfall is practically absent from June to September. The original vegetation of the region was a forest type with a closed canopy (Cerradão) one of the sub-biomes of the Brazilian Cerrados (Bustamante et al., 2012b). | | | 14.8 | % of N deposited | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423940 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Measured | NH₃ volatilization from dung N deposited by grazing cattle in the rainy season | Dung was collected fresh from crossbred dairy (Nelore/Friesian) cows during milking at dawn on the day the experiment was set up. The animals were kept in the pasture but supplemented with soybean and corn meal | The study was carried out on a grass pasture site of the Embrapa Rice and Bean Centre experimental station (16°28′ S–49°17′W, 823 m a.s.l.) located in the Municipality of Santo Antonio de Goiás, State of Goiás. Approximately two decades before this study a Brachiariabrizantha cv Marandu pasture was established on a clay loamsoil (Ferralsol—FAO classification, Oxisol—US Soil Taxonomy) with a texture of 43% clay and 44% sand in the top 20 cm | The climate is Aw, tropical savannah, megathermic, according to the Köppen’s classification (Köppen, 1936). A characteristic of this region is that rainfall is practically absent from June to September. The original vegetation of the region was a forest type with a closed canopy (Cerradão) one of the sub-biomes of the Brazilian Cerrados (Bustamante et al., 2012b). | | | 2.5 | % of N deposited | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423941 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Measured | NH₃ volatilization from dung N deposited by grazing cattle in the dry season | Dung was collected fresh from crossbred dairy (Nelore/Friesian) cows during milking at dawn on the day the experiment was set up. The animals were kept in the pasture but supplemented with soybean and corn meal | The study was carried out on a grass pasture site of the Embrapa Rice and Bean Centre experimental station (16°28′ S–49°17′W, 823 m a.s.l.) located in the Municipality of Santo Antonio de Goiás, State of Goiás. Approximately two decades before this study a Brachiariabrizantha cv Marandu pasture was established on a clay loamsoil (Ferralsol—FAO classification, Oxisol—US Soil Taxonomy) with a texture of 43% clay and 44% sand in the top 20 cm | The climate is Aw, tropical savannah, megathermic, according to the Köppen’s classification (Köppen, 1936). A characteristic of this region is that rainfall is practically absent from June to September. The original vegetation of the region was a forest type with a closed canopy (Cerradão) one of the sub-biomes of the Brazilian Cerrados (Bustamante et al., 2012b). | | | 4.3 | % of N deposited | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423942 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Measured | NH₃ volatilization from urine N deposited by grazing cattle (considering the 7 months of rainfall per year) | Urine was collected fresh from crossbred dairy (Nelore/Friesian) cows during milking at dawn on the day the experiment was set up. The animals were kept in the pasture but supplemented with soybean and corn meal | The study was carried out on a grass pasture site of the Embrapa Rice and Bean Centre experimental station (16°28′ S–49°17′W, 823 m a.s.l.) located in the Municipality of Santo Antonio de Goiás, State of Goiás. Approximately two decades before this study a Brachiariabrizantha cv Marandu pasture was established on a clay loamsoil (Ferralsol—FAO classification, Oxisol—US Soil Taxonomy) with a texture of 43% clay and 44% sand in the top 20 cm | The climate is Aw, tropical savannah, megathermic, according to the Köppen’s classification (Köppen, 1936). A characteristic of this region is that rainfall is practically absent from June to September. The original vegetation of the region was a forest type with a closed canopy (Cerradão) one of the sub-biomes of the Brazilian Cerrados (Bustamante et al., 2012b). | | | 22 | % of N deposited | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423965 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | Fraction of N leaching from crop production system (Frac LEACH-(H)) | Winter wheat-summer maize rotation and vegetable were the dominant cropping systems. N and P fertilizer rates in winter wheat system were all higher than maize system. | The spatial data of topography, soil texture, and land use were provided by the Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (RESDC) (http://www.resdc.cn). Spatial interpolation methods applied by RESDC were used to estimate the spatial distribution of annual mean temperature and annual precipitation. Based on the available data for counties, a range of parameters including annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, elevation, slope, soil texture, and rural income were examined for their quantitative relationships with N emissions to water at the whole basin level. We further explored the natural (slope and soil texture) and anthropogenic driving factors (planting structure and livestock density, meaning the ratio of livestock unit and arable land area.) in hill and plain areas, respectively. | The Haihe Basin is located in the Northern China. It encompasses the two municipalities Beijing and Tianjin, most of Hebei Province, the eastern part of Shanxi Province, the northern parts of Henan and Shandong provinces, and small parts of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Province. | | A univariate linear regression model was used to do the analysis (Gu et al., 2013). Significant levels were set at P < 0.05. The regression and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) statistical software (v19.0). To quantify the N emissions to water, we constructed a grid-based NUFER model, based on Ma et al. (2010) and Bai et al. (2016). The main improvements in the grid-based NUFER model were following (1) the model considered detailed chemical fertilizer types (urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, compound fertilizer, and other), fertilization methods (basal and top dressing), and livestock manure management systems (liquid and solid subsystems for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and pig farms), based on a comprehensive farm interview covering 400 individual farms in 11 typical counties in the HB (Zhao et al., 2017b); (2) the model could quantify the N emissions to water in high resolution, via estimating gridded emission parameters. | 9.1 | % of N input | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423966 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | Fraction of N erosion&run-off from crop production system (Frac LEACH-(H)) | Winter wheat-summer maize rotation and vegetable were the dominant cropping systems. N and P fertilizer rates in winter wheat system were all higher than maize system. | The spatial data of topography, soil texture, and land use were provided by the Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (RESDC) (http://www.resdc.cn). Spatial interpolation methods applied by RESDC were used to estimate the spatial distribution of annual mean temperature and annual precipitation. Based on the available data for counties, a range of parameters including annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, elevation, slope, soil texture, and rural income were examined for their quantitative relationships with N emissions to water at the whole basin level. We further explored the natural (slope and soil texture) and anthropogenic driving factors (planting structure and livestock density, meaning the ratio of livestock unit and arable land area.) in hill and plain areas, respectively. | The Haihe Basin is located in the Northern China. It encompasses the two municipalities Beijing and Tianjin, most of Hebei Province, the eastern part of Shanxi Province, the northern parts of Henan and Shandong provinces, and small parts of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Province. | | A univariate linear regression model was used to do the analysis (Gu et al., 2013). Significant levels were set at P < 0.05. The regression and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) statistical software (v19.0). To quantify the N emissions to water, we constructed a grid-based NUFER model, based on Ma et al. (2010) and Bai et al. (2016). The main improvements in the grid-based NUFER model were following (1) the model considered detailed chemical fertilizer types (urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, compound fertilizer, and other), fertilization methods (basal and top dressing), and livestock manure management systems (liquid and solid subsystems for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and pig farms), based on a comprehensive farm interview covering 400 individual farms in 11 typical counties in the HB (Zhao et al., 2017b); (2) the model could quantify the N emissions to water in high resolution, via estimating gridded emission parameters. | 1.8 | % of N input | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423970 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | NH₃ emissions from N fertilization (i.e. 2006 IPCC Guidelines, EQUATION 11.11/ FracGASFi = fraction of synthetic fertiliser N that volatilises as NH₃) of managed soils as influenced by synthetic fertiliser | Ammonium nitrate (rate not mentioned) | The spatio-temporal variability of NH₃ emissions due to mineral N fertilization was esimated using two types of models: the process-based Volt`Air model and georeferenced and temporally explicit databases for soil properties, meteorological conditions and N fertilization in France. Total NH₃ emissions and NH₃ EF (volatilisation) were estimated. The model considers all the factors except the canopy effect on NH₃ volatilization (effect of crop growth after fertiliser application on NH₃ losses). Crop canopy reduces the surface soil temperature that may result in higher emission of NH₃. Crop canopy also absorbs part of the volatilised NH₃. The national mean EF given in "Value" field can be used with the condition - EF without crop canopy. Crop canopy can be accounted for by applying a reduction factor to NH₃ emission following (Langevin et al. 2015). | France | | | 0.040 | kg NH₃/kg N applied | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423971 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | NH₃ emissions from N fertilization (i.e. 2006 IPCC Guidelines, EQUATION 11.11/ FracGASFi = fraction of synthetic fertiliser N that volatilises as NH₃) of managed soils as influenced by synthetic fertiliser | N Solution (rate not mentioned) | The spatio-temporal variability of NH₃ emissions due to mineral N fertilization was esimated using two types of models: the process-based Volt`Air model and georeferenced and temporally explicit databases for soil properties, meteorological conditions and N fertilization in France. Total NH₃ emissions and NH₃ EF (volatilisation) were estimated. The model considers all the factors except the canopy effect on NH₃ volatilization (effect of crop growth after fertiliser application on NH₃ losses). Crop canopy reduces the surface soil temperature that may result in higher emission of NH₃. Crop canopy also absorbs part of the volatilised NH₃. The national mean EF given in "Value" field can be used with the condition - EF without crop canopy. Crop canopy can be accounted for by applying a reduction factor to NH₃ emission following (Langevin et al. 2015). | France | | | 0.143 | kg NH₃/kg N applied | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 423972 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | NH₃ emissions from N fertilization (i.e. 2006 IPCC Guidelines, EQUATION 11.11/ FracGASFi = fraction of synthetic fertiliser N that volatilises as NH₃) of managed soils as influenced by synthetic fertiliser | Urea (rate not mentioned) | The spatio-temporal variability of NH₃ emissions due to mineral N fertilization was esimated using two types of models: the process-based Volt`Air model and georeferenced and temporally explicit databases for soil properties, meteorological conditions and N fertilization in France. Total NH₃ emissions and NH₃ EF (volatilisation) were estimated. The model considers all the factors except the canopy effect on NH₃ volatilization (effect of crop growth after fertiliser application on NH₃ losses). Crop canopy reduces the surface soil temperature that may result in higher emission of NH₃. Crop canopy also absorbs part of the volatilised NH₃. The national mean EF given in "Value" field can be used with the condition - EF without crop canopy. Crop canopy can be accounted for by applying a reduction factor to NH₃ emission following (Langevin et al. 2015). | France | | | 0.262 | kg NH₃/kg N applied | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 425669 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | Emission factor for cattle solid manure applied via broadcast application onto agricultural land in temperate wet climates | Data analysis of EF values (n=43) collected from field studies across several temperate wet climates | Experiments were conducted on agricultural soils, various soil types. | Temperate wet regions | Effect of manure type on NH3 emissions from land-applied manure | EF relates to the NH3 component of FracGASM | 0.03 | kg NH3-N and NOx-N/kg of N input | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 425670 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | Emission factor for cattle slurry surface applied to agricultural land in temperate wet climates | Data analysis of EF values (n=465) collected from field studies across several temperate wet climates | Experiments were conducted on agricultural soils, various soil types. | Temperate wet regions | Effect of manure type on NH3 emissions from land-applied manure | EF relates to the NH3 component of FracGASM | 0.242 | kg NH3-N and NOx-N/kg of N input | Peer-reviewed journal | |
| 425671 | | - 3.C.5 - Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils
| | | Modeled | Emission factor for cattle slurry applied via trailing hose to agricultural soils in temperate wet climates | Data analysis of EF values (n=248) collected from field studies across several temperate wet climates | Experiments were conducted on agricultural soils, various soil types. | Temperate wet regions | Effect of low emission slurry application technologies for reducing FracGASM for cattle slurry applied to land | EF relates to the NH3 component of FracGASM | 0.159 | kg NH3-N and NOx-N/kg of N input | Peer-reviewed journal | |
